Protocol for the National Anthem and Pledge of Allegiance
Feb 13th, 2007 by Larry Hendrick
Recent high-profile sporting events left me wondering about the protocol for the National Anthem, like the one for the Pledge of Allegiance in the U.S. Flag Code.
The protocol for the Pledge of Allegiance is laid out in the Flag code Section 4
The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag: “I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.”, should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. (Italics are mine.)
The Search Begins
Easy enough, but what about protocol for the National Anthem? I began at Google and started searching and discovered a lot of information that couldn’t be verified. I kept digging.
I located one site that “claimed” to quote the U.S. Flag Code as found on the American Legion website. It contained a section that wasn’t in my copy of the U.S. Flag Code, so I went to the American Legion website to see which version of the Flag Code they were using. It turned out they are using the same one I am, and there is no reference to the National Anthem contained in the Flag Code.
I did find a section on the Legion site titled National Anthem and it did reference the U.S. Code, Title 36, Chapter 10, Section 171 for the proper protocol. Then to confirm, I went to the U.S. Government site containing the United States Codes and dug into Title 36.
This brought up the next hurdle. There was no Chapter 10. WHAT?
More digging …
Eureka
EUREKA! The research paid off in a big way and here is what I located.
- TITLE 36–PATRIOTIC AND NATIONAL OBSERVANCES, CEREMONIES, AND ORGANIZATIONS
- SUBTITLE I–PATRIOTIC AND NATIONAL OBSERVANCES AND CEREMONIES
- PART A–OBSERVANCES AND CEREMONIES
- CHAPTER 3–NATIONAL ANTHEM, MOTTO, FLORAL EMBLEM, AND MARCH
- Section 301–National Anthem
- CHAPTER 3–NATIONAL ANTHEM, MOTTO, FLORAL EMBLEM, AND MARCH
- PART A–OBSERVANCES AND CEREMONIES
- SUBTITLE I–PATRIOTIC AND NATIONAL OBSERVANCES AND CEREMONIES
Sec. 301. National anthem
(a) Designation.–The composition consisting of the words and music
known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem.
(b) Conduct During Playing.–During a rendition of the national
anthem–
(1) when the flag is displayed–
(A) all present except those in uniform should stand at
attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart;
(B) men not in uniform should remove their headdress with
their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder,
the hand being over the heart; and
(C) individuals in uniform should give the military salute
at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until
the last note; and(2) when the flag is not displayed, all present should face
toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag
were displayed.
There it is. The elusive National Anthem protocol. Now when you attend that next concert, ball game, or school event, you will know the proper conduct when they begin playing the Star Spangled Banner.
Rest of Chapter 3
Here is the rest of the information in this Chapter of the United States Code.
Sec. 302. National motto
“In God we trust” is the national motto.
Sec. 303. National floral emblem
The flower commonly known as the rose is the national floral emblem.
Sec. 304. National march
The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled “The Stars and Stripes Forever” is the national march.
A well done shot of our Texas flag indeed. When you decide to print on photo paper, let me know. I do read your work every now and then, ML Linda
We are planning our 50th anniversary…..after posting the Colors, which comes first, the National Anthem or reciting the Pledge?
Tina Bowers
Blount County Rescue Squad
TN
Tina,
I am aware of no specific protocol, but I can share how I was taught.
The pledge is given after the Colors are presented, but before they are posted. The National Anthem is sang after the Colors are posted.
Such as:
1. Color Guard called to attention
2. March Colors to front
3. Present Colors
4. Pledge of Allegiance
5. Post Colors
6. National Anthem
7. Color Guard returns to original position
8. Color Guard dismissed
I hope this helps in planning the 50th anniversary celebration.
[...] to do at the ballgame when the National Anthem is played? For a review, see this article I wrote about the proper protocol for the National Anthem as dictated by the United States [...]
What determines if Anthem Code or Title 36 is to be followed?
I haven’t read title 36 ….. section 301 – Yet. Like Mr Hendrick, I was searching for the elusive chapter 10. What I found instead was The Code for the National Anthem of The United Sates of America, adopted by the National Anthem Committee, April 1942. Which states: “The audience will stand facing the flag or the leader in an attitude of of respectful attention. Outdoors, the men will remove their hats”.
Some of my earliest memories are of my immigrant parents attending U.S. citizenship classes. It was drilled into me since I was a toddler and practiced by all my peers and teachers througout my school years to place our right hand on our heart during the Pledge of Allegiance and fold our hands in front or behind us during the National Anthem. Unless, I was in scout (or other) uniform, in which case I was to salute; or when in band formation, in which case I was to stand at full attention.
JG, thanks for taking the time to leave a comment and your interest in the National Anthem protocols. It is an interesting subject.
I haven’t dug any deeper into this, but it is not unusual for different codes to be adopted and modified as time passes. Here is what might have happened …
The National Anthem Committee put the code together in April 1942, but later when Congress acted to place it into the United States Code (first Chapter 10, later moved to the current location, Title 36, Section 301) it was modified to the current version.
The same happened with the U.S. Flag Code. It was adopted by the National Flag Conference in 1923, but wasn’t passed by Congress until 1942, nineteen years later. In the process, a few modifications were made, along with several updates since then, with the latest change taking place this year.
Is it appropriate to sing the anthem with the music being strung on a guitar?
I appreciate all the information provided above. Great job!
Cari, it is always appropriate to sing as the National Anthem is played, no matter the instrument. The National Anthem is “our” anthem, so next time, feel free to sing out.
There are many reasons why people might not sing along: too shy, not singers, don’t know the words, respectively listening to the musical rendition, respect for the artist, etc. In another article on this website I linked to a youtube video of Whitney Houston singing the National Anthem and I admit, I would probably listen and not sing in that case. She does such a tremendous job.
Remember, singing the anthem is not required, but allows the “crowd” to join in the revelry.
I’ve been asked to organize an opening ceremony for a Scottish Highland Games. We want to use the National Anthem; God Save the Queen; Flower of Scotland (as Scottish Anthem) and Texas, Our Texas. What would be the proper order?
Robert,
Thanks for that great question. With a little digging, it seems the precedence is different that I would have guessed.
According to the book, “Protocol: The Complete Handbook of Diplomatic, Official and Social Usage,” the authors, Mary Jane McCaffree and Pauline Innis, say this, “It has been a long-standing practice to play the national anthem of a foreign visitor before the American anthem. Often questions are asked about this custom, but there is no regulation stating which order should be used, so courtesy and long-standing usage prevail.”
Without regulations, I think the courtesy continues with the Scottish and Texas “anthems.” With that in mind, the order would be as follows:
1. United Kingdom
2. Scottish
3. Texas
4. United States
The bottom line is there is not written law or regulation governing the protocol of order, meaning you can do what you want, but courtesy is the precedence.
I hope this helps Robert.
Larry, I read the comment re: removing hats when outdoors during the national anthem. According to the flag code, men not in uniform also remove their hats during the pledge.
I’ve had many a Scouter tell me to remove my hat when outdoors in uniform during the presentation of the colors and the pledge, but I tell them men in uniform are to salute with covers on — was I right or wrong?
Fred, you are exactly right. The U.S. Flag Code addresses this issue in Section 4:
The military salute uses the same manner of the Boy Scout salute, i.e. right hand to the eyebrow. The military salute can not be accomplished if a cover is in the right hand. The part I find fascinating is “remain silent.” I take this to mean that uniformed men are not to say the Pledge of Allegiance, but to stand at attention with a salute while the other recite the pledge.
Have you ever heard anything about that?
But when did the anthem protocol change?
The hand over heart during anthem started within the last 20 years, prior to that I remember hand over heart was only for Pledge and God Bless America.
At first only the least literate of sporting event spectators would place their hands over hearts during anthem, now it is in the code???
Thanks for taking the time to ask your question, Confused. The simple answer is … it hasn’t. The National Anthem protocol was codified in 1942 with few changes since then . The part containing “with the right hand over the heart” was part of the original 1942 document.
I think the National Anthem protocol is like many of the protocols in the U.S. Code, it is not taught in school, but is there for those interested. I was interested and started digging and discovered the information in the article. It was all new to me too.
he’s what I found…. it does not require hands on chest…. but your findings seem more official… one has to wonder when the last edit to the protocol occurred…. since 2001? Its a petty thing… but not when hoisted in front of millions of gullible Americans along with directions to respond a certain way…
http://www.menc.org/guides/patriotic/reprise.pdf
That’s a great find colbydog. I have enjoyed reading though the pdf document. Here are a few observations. The document you discovered is dated April 1942. The U.S. Code shows the Section (b) (hand over heart part) with a date of June 22, 1942. The committee completed their work in April and Congress approved the protocol in June. They may have made revisions, I don’t know.
The only other times that part of the code was tweaked was December 22, 1942 and July 7, 1976. The only problem, it doesn’t say what changes were made on those dates and all I can find are references to “reaffirmation of language.”
It is interesting to dig into the history of something like this, though. Fun stuff.
Who knows which anthem is played first: The National Anthem or the Black National Anthem at a school function.
Thank you in advance
Dear Juey,
Thank you for writing. The U.S. Code does not address the advent of the “Black National Anthem.” Here is what it does say:
U.S. Code (TITLE 36–PATRIOTIC AND NATIONAL OBSERVANCES, CEREMONIES, AND ORGANIZATIONS, SUBTITLE I–PATRIOTIC AND NATIONAL OBSERVANCES AND CEREMONIES, PART A–OBSERVANCES AND CEREMONIES, CHAPTER 3–NATIONAL ANTHEM, MOTTO, FLORAL EMBLEM, AND MARCH, Section 301–National Anthem)
Sec. 301. National anthem
(a) Designation.–The composition consisting of the words and music
known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem.
(b) Conduct During Playing.–During a rendition of the national
anthem–
(1) when the flag is displayed–
(A) all present except those in uniform should stand at
attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart;
(B) men not in uniform should remove their headdress with
their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder,
the hand being over the heart; and
(C) individuals in uniform should give the military salute
at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until
the last note; and
(2) when the flag is not displayed, all present should face
toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag
were displayed.
According to the book, “Protocol: The Complete Handbook of Diplomatic, Official and Social Usage,” the authors, Mary Jane McCaffree and Pauline Innis, say this, “It has been a long-standing practice to play the national anthem of a foreign visitor before the American anthem. Often questions are asked about this custom, but there is no regulation stating which order should be used, so courtesy and long-standing usage prevail.”
The Black National Anthem is not the anthem of a foreign county, but would be considered an American patriotic song (like “America the Beautiful” or “God Bless America”), and it would be played after the National Anthem.
I hope this helps.
Deborah Hendrick
Originally, the code, adopted by the official National Anthem Committee in 1942, advocated that emphasis be placed on the singing of the anthem, as they felt that the message of the text was of “paramount importance.” Leaders were encouraged to invite participation from the audience members, who are instructed to stand facing the flag “in an attitude of respectful attention.” This matches exactly what I was taught in the Girl Scouts and school during the late 60’s and early 70’s. I am 46 years old and I have always stood at attention during the National Anthem, but I have not covered my heart. I have always covered my heart for the Pledge of Allegiance.
The protocol for the National Anthem has definitely changed, which I only learned about by doing this research. The most recent version of 36 U.S.C.A. § 301, went into effect on August 12, 1998. There have been other revisions over the years.
I have compared notes with other peers and they report the same thing…and mass confusion over this whole issue.
Here is a link to the original 1942 document.
http://www.menc.org/guides/patriotic/reprise.pdf
Thanks for your input, Sherri. I’m like you, remembering my youth. What little I was taught about the National Anthem was like you said. Also, the document you link to is referenced above in the comments with my answer pertaining to it (comment 16).
My research shows the April 1942 document as the Committee recommendation document, not the law adopted by congress later that year. According to the original law, it was amended to contain the hand over heart phrase by the time Congress passed the law in June 1942.
The last actual language change I can find, since the original law was passed, was in July 1976. The other references are to “language affirmations” which is apparently required ever so often.
What I find the most interesting is the lack of documentation about what changes were made the few times it was amended. I can find references to general changes, but nothing specific.
If you find further information, please share it. This is great.
[...] February I wrote an article about the protocol for the National Anthem. In it, I documented my research for the proper behavior during the playing and/or singing of the [...]
What about the musicians? Unless they are in one of the armed forces, they are not military personnel and yet they do not remove their hats and certainly can’t place their right over their heart while playing their instruments.
[...] this season, no matter where the game, when they play the National Anthem, salute Old Glory, and sing along (under your breath if you need [...]
There is more confusion these days in regards to the OFFICIAL protocol regarding the National Anthem but the MAJORITY of us were indeed taught, HAND OVER HEART for the Pledge, and when Anthem played, TO STAND AT ATTENTION REPSEPCTFULLY FACING THE FLAG , men to remove hat but if in UNIFORM, to SALUTE (with hat remaining on). It was never specified but ENCOURAGED to “sing along” the words. These days more than ever, folks”stumble” with the words, so usually just stand respectfully. FEW ARE AWARE OF ANY REQUIRED HAND OVER HEART DECREE FOR THE NATIONAL ANTHEM, so it has caused consternation and ridicule (think the latest attempt to cause a major flap, the online rumor regarding Obama seen as “disrespecting” the flag/nation/etc but even in that instance, it was NOT the Pledge nor the ANTHEM being played..it was a rendition of AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL but the rumors continue for political snarkings and that is quite disrespectful to all for it is an untruth perpetuated to make political gamemanship, not truly respectful to the ANTHEM and for all that represents .
Why do some find it necessary, now and increasingly so, to hold their hands over their hearts and remove headware for America the Beautiful?
Apparently, Bozzy and I received the same e-photo, claiming Obama is disrespecting the flag by not participating in the Pledge of Allegiance (even though the caption clearly states that the National Anthem is being sung). Look carefully and see that no one on the literal platform is vocally participating nor facing the flag, as each site I’ve visited says is correct protocol.
Before I replied to the note’s sender, I, too, looked for anthem etiquette/protocol lest I also sent incorrect information. I find conflicting information.
So, what’s the bottom line… Do we or don’t we place our hands over hearts while the National Anthem is being sung?
Bozzy, Terry, and Bobbie—Thank you for writing. I am so glad that you found The Daily Flag.
Re: “American the Beautiful” and why some people would hold their hands over their heart: they just don’t know any better. I think America the Beautiful is being played more often now simply for variety. Some people recognize it as a “patriotic” song and get confused. In a presidential election year, everything in the “patriotic” music genre will be played, over and over again. I’m glad Sousa wrote so many marches! It’s the only time we get to hear some of them.
Bobbie, when the National Anthem is played, we absolutely are supposed to salute. All those who can, should stand and face the flag. If there is no flag present, then we “face the music.”
Those in military uniform or similar (Boy Scouts, VFW, firemen, police, etc) and wearing hats should leave their hats in place, and salute according to their regulations.
A man in civilian clothes, and that includes a sporting uniform, should remove his hat and hold it over his heart for the salute during the National Anthem. Women are not asked to remove their hats, but personally I would if I were wearing a ball cap or some sort of unisex head-covering. A woman would not be criticized for doing this. If you are not wearing a hat, then simply hold your hand over your heart for the duration of the National Anthem.
But it all comes back to education. Families, civic, and social organizations must take the point position. I don’t think we can expect or assume that the public school system will continue to teach the ideas and concepts of “good manners and public decorum.” And this is not a slam against public education. It was always the responsibility of parents to first teach their children good manners.
Review “Section 301″ straight up on this page for the U.S. Code.
Probably getting really technical here, but…
At a parade, if the National Anthem is being played from, say a float moving in the parade,
what is the appropriate behavior? Should all spectators stand and salute?
I remember a Veteran’s Day parade couple of years back in Prescott, AZ. They didn’t play the National Anthem during the parade, but every time the Flag was presented during the parade by marchers, Veterans, floats, carried on horseback, bands, etc., quite a few of the spectators there (in uniform) stood up and saluted the flag. And there were LOTS of flag presentations!
Just really great stuff!
Thanks.
Hi Albert—I’m glad you stopped by. I’ve never heard the National Anthem being played “on the move,” but I guess I would salute the float as it passed by me. Like that parade in Prescott, I live in an area where every parade has more than one set of colors in attendance. Shriners, Boy Scouts, mounted sheriff’s posse, riding clubs, etc., and when more than one city or county is represented—it sure gets colorful! I salute every time the colors go by, no matter how often.
[...] practice to play the national anthem … at attention during the national Anthem, but I have not …http://www.flagsbay.com/flag/2007/02/13/protocol-for-the-national-anthem-and-pledge-of-allegiance/Read “RE: WA2K Radio is now on the air” at English Forum…UK. the group returned to South Wales and [...]
What if you are at a complex where teams are practicing on one or more fields and the other field is starting its games for the night and plays the national anthem on that field for that specific event. What ahould the players/spectators/etc do on the other fields?
Jimmy, that’s a really good question.
The protocol really doesn’t address this particular dilemma, but I think a rule of thumb MIGHT be (not IS) that if you can see the flag and plainly hear the National Anthem, it would be appropriate to face the flag and hold hand over heart. Just be aware if you do this, you will be the only one. Of course, that would make you unique, too.
That’s just a tough question that is difficult to have a definite answer. Anyone out there have an opinion on this one? Join in.
Question of the day, what is the code/regulation that states the National Anthem (Star Spangled Banner) is played before any U.S. State Song. I can not find it in writing.
Everything else but…..Thanks in advance.
Hi Vicky, thank you for writing.
I cannot find it in writing either! But what I can tell you (from the book on diplomacy, “Protocol” by McCaffree, Innis and Sand) is that the ONLY time any other anthem is played BEFORE the Star-Spangled Banner is when the guest of honor at the event is a dignitary from another country. If the Ambassador from Italy were present, then the Italian National Anthem is played first, then our National Anthem is played second.
Extrapolating from that, we can safely determine that any and all state songs would be played after the National Anthem is played. In the meantime, I will research this some more. I’m sure I’ve read it within state of Texas protocol, which would not contradict U.S. State Department protocol, and presumably be appropriate in all states.
What about non-citizens? such as baseball players . what do they do for nat anthem?
Hi Steve,
A non-US citizen baseball player would remove his ball cap, and stand with his arms at his sides. He is not required to salute the US flag.
Hope this helps.
(A) all present except those in uniform should stand at
attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart;
O.K., understand that
(2) when the flag is not displayed, all present should face
toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag
were displayed.
O.K., understand that
Re: “American the Beautiful” and why some people would hold their hands over their heart: they just don’t know any better.
Confused.
What happens when America The Beautiful is used in place of The National Anthem, and a color guard is present? Is there a written protocol, or should we act as if it is the Anthem and place our right hand over our heart?
Hello JD—I bet you aren’t the only one who was confused. I don’t want to extrapolate too much from your note for fear of going astray, but …
When the color guard brought the colors in and posted them, you would have saluted the flag as it passed abreast of your position. If the color guard did not “parade” the colors, you would have saluted at the time the colors were set into the flag stand(s), taking your cue from the color guard.
America the Beautiful is one of this country’s most beloved patriotic songs, but it is not the National Anthem and does not receive the honor of a salute. I can well imagine the awkward expressions and shrugged shoulders of those who held their hands over their hearts anyway, because in the moment it seemed like the right thing to do.
It is not necessary to always have the National Anthem following the color guard (and/or the Pledge of Allegiance), but if it seemed as though American the Beautiful was deliberately, or carelessly, or thoughtlessly scheduled immediately following the posting of the colors—instead of the National Anthem—then someone was ignorant, or careless, or thoughtless.
Regardless, no salute for America the Beautiful, and perhaps a kind note to whomever planned the ceremony, if possible, explaining the problem.
It’s been a long time since I was in Officer Training School, but I seem to remember there were different rules for indoors & outdoors.
Outdoors, uniformed people render a hand salute during the National Anthem; other men remove hats & place them or the right hand over the heart; other women ditto.
Indoors is different, perhaps related to a Marine Corps rule that one doen’t salute when not “under cover” [wearing a uniform hat]. Uniformed personnel stand at attention & face the Flag &/or the music; other men & women do the same: no hand/hat over the heart indoors.
Anyone else remember that difference?
Hi USAF, Retired—thank you for your service to our country, and thank you for writing.
Indoors, uniformed personnel (who are not wearing their “covers”) are to stand at attention during the National Anthem, and they do not sing the National Anthem. But civilians DO salute with the hand over the heart, and they are permitted to sing if it is appropriate to the event. The portion of the U.S. Code that addresses saluting the flag during the National Anthem is not found in the same section of the code, as the “flag code,” which is why most people did not know that civilians are indeed supposed to salute.
Outdoors, it is as you remember. Additionally, veterans are now permitted to render a hand salute to the flag, if wearing a hat. Indoors of course, they would salute over the heart. See http://www.flagsbay.com/flag/2008/10/20/veterans-salute-the-flag-clarifying-the-change-in-the-us-code/
Well, I was admonished for not removing my hat while playing the Anthem with my band at an outdoor event. I tried to defend my action, or I should say my “non-action”, by explaining that because we were playing music before, during, and after the anthem with no break in between, I couldn’t have done that and still played my instrument. This is why I posted the earlier question (see number 22). I see marching bands playing the anthem with their uniforms and hats on. Is there a protocol which covers the musicians?
Ben, it looks like Larry or I failed to to answer you when you wrote before. Please accept my apologies.
The U.S. Code is silent on this bit of etiquette. Obviously, performers must be given some latitude when it comes to the National Anthem. A soloist singing the National Anthem would not be expect to salute. From photos I have examined, military musicians follow standard protocol by wearing their covers outdoors, and removing them indoors—regardless of when or where they play, even the National Anthem.
But the National Anthem is also a stand-alone musical event, and should not be combined in a medley with other songs. It is normally announced, to give people time to remove their hats as necessary. If it is possible for you to remove your hats before playing the Anthem, it would be a nice gesture, but I would give you a pass on this one.
Is it ever proper to stop the playing of the National Anthem abruptly (mid-way), as in before the pledge of allegiance at a school?
Does anyone know. . . .When you hear the Pledge of Allegiance, and no flag is visable, what is the protocol? I have dug, I have researched and I can not find anything that addresses this situation. The example I have is in school, if you are in the hallway and the pledge is being recited, what do you do? I stop, turn to the flag I know is out front, hand over heart and recite my pledge. Am I correct?
” … the Pledge of Allegiance … should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart … .”
Tami, this is an unusual problem, and one the legislators did not anticipate when they wrote the code. The U.S. Code is silent on this. I certainly don’t think it’s wrong for you to “face the flag” if you know where it is, and continue as if you were in sight of the flag. But I would not criticize those who merely stood still and waited, while the pledge was being recited over a P.A. system.
I did find this… but it does not address Deborah’s question. I wasn’t aware that men in uniform were NOT to recite the pledge.
________________________________________________________________________
http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa101602a.htm
Reaffirming God in the Pledge of Allegiance
The bill, passed 99-0 by the Senate in June, reaffirms the effect of a 1954 act of Congress which originally inserted the words “under God” into the Pledge of Allegiance.
The bill formalizes congressional recognition of the official wording of the Pledge of Allegiance as being:
“I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.”
The bill also modifies the manner in which the Pledge of Allegiance should be delivered by stating that, when not in uniform, men should remove any non-religious hat, cap or headdress. The previous requirement been for men not in uniform to remove any headdress.
Under the bill, the Pledge of Allegiance, “should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute.”
Jenny—it’s great that you tried to find more information on the Pledge of Allegiance.
I believe that “persons in uniform” do not recite the Pledge of Allegiance because members of the Armed Forces have taken the Oath of Enlistment, swearing to ” … support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic … ,” and that is the ultimate commitment to the United States.
One earlier comment made me wonder if it is always appropriate to sing along. Are there situations when it is NOT appropriate to sing along? (I’d thought it an insult to a performer when others have sung along.)
Why would instumental versions demand the same protocol as a sung version? It seems to me that context should be taken into consideration when no words are included.
What about when the anthem is a part of another work (like a movie, television, or radio production or a concert).
Hello Philip,
I apologize for being so tardy in responding to your questions. When the National Anthem is part of work of fiction, then no one is expected to stand and salute. But the National Anthem is a stand-alone song, and not to be combined with other songs in a medley. If it were part of a concert, I would think it would be at the beginning, and clearly announced so the people in attendance could stand and salute, and not be surprised to suddenly hear the melody.
When the National Anthem is sung by a soloist, you should not sing, unless you sang very quietly to yourself, which would not be impolite I think. Quite frankly, some soloists take such horrible liberties with the melody line, I don’t know how one could possibly sing along with them anyway. (I confess—I take a dim view of personalized renditions of the National Anthem.)
If the National Anthem is performed by an orchestra or band, and there is not a soloist or group invited to sing the words, then I believe the presumption is that the entire gathered assembly is invited to sing.
I am the Graduation Marshall for my college. For the past several graduations we have done a Presentation of Colors and recited the Pledge. I have been asked about dropping the Pledge and singing the National Anthem. I was wondering about the propriety of the Presentation of Colors without the Pledge.
Thoughts????
If we do use the presentation, pledge and anthem, what is the correct order?
Neal, you have asked good questions. There are no hard and fast rules, only tradition. In my experience, the Pledge of Allegiance is recited when it is impractical to sing the National Anthem, such as a club meeting or other small gathering. At a graduation ceremony, I would not include the Pledge.
I would be tempted to skip the Color Guard too, and have the Colors in place at the graduation venue. Why? There will be many elderly people at the graduation ceremony, and standing through (the Pledge, perhaps), the Presentation of Colors, then standing through the National Anthem is a lot of standing.
If the National Anthem is to be sung by a soloist, let the those gathered know right at the beginning. The MC should say something like, “Ladies and Gentlemen, would you please stand while John Doe sings the National Anthem.” I personally think that on an occasion like this, the entire assembly should sing the National Anthem together, but it still needs a lead singer with enough poise to say, “Please join with me in singing the Star-Spangled Banner (who will then sing the song as it is written).” This gives everyone a chance to breathe deeply, stretch a bit since they have been sitting while waiting for the ceremony to begin, and then ready themselves for the long ceremony to follow.
If you want to do all three “honors,” then it is Presentation of Colors, Pledge, then National Anthem.
Best Wishes, and Congratulations,
Deborah
Is there any protocol for schools using both the pledge and the national anthem? My school starts with the national anthem, but fades it out after “the rockets red glare”, then recites the pledge. Do you have any thoughts/comments on this practice? It seems totally disrespectful to me.
P. Sanders—I apologize. You wrote in November and somehow I overlooked your question. I agree with you; I also think it is disrespectful to quit singing in the middle of the National Anthem to recite the Pledge of Allegiance.
As I said in the comment above, in my experience the Pledge is generally recited in smaller gatherings, where singing the National Anthem is impractical. As a school child, I said the Pledge every day in my classroom, and when the whole school was together for an assembly, ball game, or other large venue, then we sang the National Anthem.
There is no rule that says it must be done this way; it was our custom or tradition. If a school wants to play the National Anthem over speakers and pipe it into every classroom each day, that’s ok, too. But stopping the Anthem in the middle of a stanza, then reciting the Pledge gives short shrift to the Anthem, and that’s wrong. Moreover, I think it sends the wrong message to the students (”Let’s get this over with.”).
The National Anthem is a stand alone song. It should not be combined in a medley with other patriotic songs, and I think it should always be introduced.
And this is just my very fussy opinion, but I detest highly stylized and personalized versions of the National Anthem. I appreciate anyone who has the voice, poise, and courage to stand before a group and sing the National Anthem, but I think that those gathered with them, should be able to sing along with them, if only under their breath. I would rather be surrounded by a thousand voices (no matter how imperfect) singing the National Anthem, than listen to the finest singer in the world singing it as a solo. But that’s just me …
During the Super Bowl, the camera cut to Soldiers in Iraq who were standing at attention during the signing of God Bless America. Is this supposed to be done? If so, where is this written into rule or regulation? Thanks.
Hi Josh,
“God Bless America” is a beloved patriotic American song. Knowing that live cameras were going to be on them, the soldiers may have been ordered to stand at attention out of respect to the song, or they may have stood spontaneously. To my knowledge, there is no “law” in the U.S. Code that asks civilians or military personnel to stand during “God Bless America.” There is also the possibility that the soldiers were misinformed, and thought they were standing for the National Anthem, only to see/hear “God Bless America” instead. Then it would have looked rude for them to sit down.
I was in the kitchen making nachos when Faith Hill sang the song, and did not see that part.
Thank you for writing, Josh, and Best Wishes,
Deborah Hendrick
I found this whole discussion very enlightening! But it doesn’t quite address my situation. What would the proper protocol be for a Cub Scout leader who is not a US citizen as regards the pledge? Standing at attention or saluting? (trying to reconcile answers 27 and 36)
I am a big fan of Scouting, Jeremy, and I thank you for being a leader for these little guys. You are in a unique position with these boys because you are not a U.S. citizen. What a great opportunity for you to talk about affection, love, and respect for one’s country, and while the Cubs are young, they are old enough to understand that your allegiance may lie elsewhere. As a non-US citizen, you are not required to salute the flag, or recite the Pledge of Allegiance—-but in fact: no US citizen is required to do these things either. It is voluntary, and it is done out of respect and love of country and the flag.
It is always proper to stand at attention, and because you will have discussed this with the Cub Scouts, they will understand if you do not recite the Pledge or salute the U.S. flag. But if you want to salute (as a Scout’s sign of respect) during the Pledge of Allegiance, but not actually recite it, that’s ok too.
Jeremy, thank you for writing. I hope this helps.
I am retired Navy and attend high school football games. The football field has a flag pole and the flag is flying, then a local group presents the flag at the 50 yard line. when the National Anthem is played all in attendance have their attention to the flag pole vice the flag presented on the field. I know that you should bring your attention to the flag being presented. I can not find the code on this can someone please help. thank you
Hi Randy—There is nothing in the U.S. Flag Code that addresses the occasion of multiple U.S. flags being flown (at an event). I agree that saluting the “marching” flag carried by the color guard would be the proper choice, but I don’t have a definitive resource to prove it. This rule could be found in military flag code, and because you are retired Navy, maybe that is why you remember it.
While I have often referenced the military flag manuals, and have read at length in all of them, I do not personally remember coming across this particular instruction. All of the military flag manuals are linked in a tab at the top of The Daily Flag. I will look for this, and you could too, if you want. The interesting thing is the services do not always agree on every aspect of military flag protocol, which causes the occasional inter-service dust-up.
Thank you for writing, Randy
Best Wishes, Deborah
Fascinating. After “The Star-Spangled Banner” is the only national anthem in the world that requires us Americans not in uniform to stand and render the hand-on-heart civillian salute. Otherwise, the United States is one of the countries in the world to render a civillian salute of any kind during a national anthem like ours. That means that we Americans not in uniform stand without the hand-on-heart salute for a different national anthem, whether it’s “O Canada” or “God Save the Queen”. Of course, some people stand and wave a national flag during a national anthem, like all the prommers do when singing along “God Save the Queen” at the Last Night of the Proms. The following URL shows you an example of you standing up waving a national flag during a national anthem: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XL72ViXKS-k
Pretty self-explanatory, eh?
@Donny Pearson – Oops, I meant “although.”
Hello Donny, thank you for writing. Yes—it is proper and the correct etiquette to stand at attention for the national anthem of any county when it is played in the U.S., but Americans would not salute. It is proper protocol, and not only that, but good manners—to stand at attention when the national anthem is played and you are in that country—but Americans would not salute.
The proper protocol for citizens of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland is to stand at attention—and stand still—for “God Save the Queen,” but on the Last Night of the Proms, with love of country and spirits especially high, it would be awfully hard to keep from waving the flag under the circumstances.
I wrote about the Proms and flag waving on The Daily Flag here.
At a graduation ceremony, should the National Anthem be played before Pomp and Circumstance and should the “Pledge of Alliegence” follow or proceed the National Anthem?
Thank you for your insight on this very important issue.
Hi Jonathan. The short answer to your question is: Pomp and Circumstance, Pledge of Allegiance, and National Anthem.
However, there is no written protocol that says the Pledge comes before the National Anthem, only custom and tradition. In a large, lengthy gathering such as a graduation ceremony, I would even skip the Pledge of Allegiance and sing only the National Anthem, to lessen the burden on the elderly to stand each time, or to remain standing for a long time.
As a general rule, the Pledge is said when it is not practical to sing the National Anthem, such as in a club meeting, or in the classroom, or assemblies. When there is a larger gathering (convention, ball game, graduation), when there is someone who can lead everyone in singing the National Anthem, or when there is musical accompaniment and/or a soloist, then the National Anthem is traditional performed.
However you choose to do it—and certainly do both if you want—remember that the Pledge and the National Anthem should always be introduced, and so that those assembled can be given time to stand, and the Pledge is often led by an honored guest at the event. “Ladies and Gentlemen, would you please rise and salute the flag, while I lead you in the Pledge of Allegiance (—or while Susie Jones sings the National Anthem).”
I hope this helps. And Best Wishes to all the Graduates
Deborah Hendrick
I umpire baseball (below college level) and wondered exactly when the hat should be removed. A Viet Nam vet told me to remove it when the first note is played ~ same as the time to salute, but often my partner and I are the only ones without hats removed while waiting for the recording to begin. A few times players/coaches have offered a reminder to me to remove my hat. Is it possible that this specific information exists somewhere to substantiate what the vet said or just go with the status quo?
what is the protocol for a clan tartan flag at a highland games during the Star-Spangled Banner ? should they be lowered?
It the protocol you stated for words and music, or word or music. In other words do you need to stand and put your hand over your heart if only the music is being played?
Hi Jon.
No matter what combination of the National Anthem is being played, one should stand and salute—either a heart salute or a military salute, if appropriate. When in doubt, a heart salute is always correct. Thank you for writing, Deborah Hendrick
Question- I remember somewhere a protocol point that the national anthem is never to be played as background music. I bring this up because I just saw a TV commercial selling used cars that used the anthem as background- heard a radio commercial doing the same. Seems disrespectful.
Hi Kathi, You certainly are correct that using the National Anthem in a commercial is disrespectful. I wrote about this topic last year in “Why Dew you mistreat the National Anthem?” I wrote to Pepsi, and received a “neutral” response, but never heard from the again, which indicates to me that Pepsi doesn’t really care about what I think. But I wrote them, and I encourage you to write any advertiser who misuses the flag or the National Anthem.
At a U.S. event where the Canadian National Anthem, the United States National Anthem, and the pledge are part of the ceremony, is it okay to recite the pledge between the two national anthems?
Becky, according to U.S. State Department protocol and etiquette, the national anthems of other countries are played first, then the American national anthem is played second or last. The U.S. Code does not specify an order for the Pledge of Allegiance and the National Anthem. It is my observation that the Pledge is generally said before the National Anthem, but in other parts of the country, it could the other way around. However, I think it would be fine to put the Pledge in between the two Anthems. Americans stand at attention for the national anthems of other nations, but do not salute. Your Canadian guests would reciprocate by standing at attention for the Pledge and our National Anthem. All three items should be announced to give guests in attendance time to stand up before beginning.
Thank you for writing, Becky, and Best Wishes,
Deborah
This has been great information. I have a little different question about protocol when two countries’ anthems are being used. What is the American color guard doing during the playing of the other country’s anthem? And are they allowed to post the colors of both country? From previous posts, I understand that the order is 1) presentation of colors 2) Pledge 3) Posting of colors 4) foreign country anthem 5) national anthem. If this is correct, should the other country’s colors be posted in advance? Should the color be dismissed before the anthems begin?
Jimmy, these are great questions, and I am going to answer in a slightly different format so I don’t overlook anything.
What is the American color guard doing during the playing of the other country’s anthem? Everyone present, not just the color guard, should stand at attention during the playing of another country’s national anthem, but Americans do not salute a foreign flag, just as a foreigner would stand, but not salute, during the Star-Spangled Banner. Members of the color guard do not salute.
And are they allowed to post the colors of both country? Yes. The flag of the other nation is given the honor of being posted first, then the U.S. flag is posted second. The U.S. flag is put into the right-most stand, and the foreign flag is placed directly left of the U.S. flag.
From previous posts, I understand that the order is 1) presentation of colors 2) Pledge 3) Posting of colors 4) foreign country anthem 5) national anthem. The U.S. Code is silent on this kind of ceremony, so we rely upon tradition. Boy Scouts, for example, hold the colors until after the Pledge, and most events would be the same.
If this is correct, should the other country’s colors be posted in advance? No. It would be a breach of protocol to post the foreign flag, while the rest of the color guard stood behind, and the Pledge was recited. In a situation such as this, all the guests are still standing, and generally someone has been invited to lead the pledge. There is no doubt about which flag is being “pledged.”
Should the color [guard] be dismissed before the anthems begin? It depends on how much time there is between posting the colors and the playing of the anthems. If there is a Master of Ceremony, introductions for honored guests, soloists to be introduced or musicians, etc., then the color guard can depart before the MC begins.
Thank you for writing, Jimmy, and Best Wishes,
Deborah
I have a friend, (not a citizen of the United States, but a legal resident) who was admonsihed by a woman at a church event for placing his hand over his heart during the national anthem. He placed his hand over his heart and sang along. She approached him afterward and stated that she and a few others were offended that he did that, as he is not a US citizen. Was it improper for him to show respect in this manner? [I didn't think it was improper, but I stated I would ask the question.]
Your friend absolutely is free to salute the flag (with a heart salute) and sing the National Anthem. There is not one word in the U.S. Code that would forbid him from doing so.
As a general rule, is is assumed that aliens would not want to salute or sing to an American flag (having an allegiance to their own home country’s flag and anthem), but out of respect they stand at attention and do not salute the flag. This is a common occasion for athletes from other countries who play sports in America. But they are most welcome to salute and sing if they want to. (And I’d like to have a heart-to-heart talk with the lady at church.)
Elizabeth, thank you for writing, and give my warmest regards to your friend.
Deborah
Does anyone know if a lady’s hat should be removed during the reciting of the pledge of alligience?
Jill, a woman does not need to remove her hat during the Pledge of Allegiance or the National Anthem. Thank you for writing.
Thank you so much for researching the National Anthem protocol. I was recently at a function where the flag was displayed, so the attendees placed their hands over their hearts. I had grown up merely standing in a respectful manner. I had thought the protocol was otherwise and didn’t realize the difference between presence of the flag and it not being present. I now know the proper protocol and am very appreciative.
You are most welcome, John.
Just a query on the protocols for non-US citizens. From the same codes quoted in the original entry note Title 4 Chapter 1 Section 9 “Conduct during hoisting, lowering or passing of flag”. Identical in procedure to Title 36.301 etc. it adds the proviso “Citizens of other countries present should stand at attention.” As this is missing from the protocol regarding the playing of the US National Anthem it suggests that even non-US citizens should stand with hand over heart, which some might object to.
Hi FlipC. Thank you for writing. The U.S. Code generally serves as its own commentary. So one part of the code is never interpreted to contradict another part of the code. The portion of the U.S. Code that addresses the protocol for the National Anthem is unmistakeably written for Americans, especially when read entirely within context. I think it is a stretch to extrapolate and think that because it does not specifically address behavior for non-US citizens, then is means that non-US citizens are supposed to heart salute during the National Anthem.
But your point is well-taken because non-US citizens (especially professional athletes) frequently write me to ask how they should behave during these “American” occasions, which is very thoughtful of them. They have not read the U.S. Code, which no one would expect of them. Perhaps we Americans need to be more careful, to quote more precisely or in full context so that there is no misunderstanding.
FlipC, your comment serves as a prompt to me, to write an article for The Daily Flag that would explain protocol for non US citizens. Thank you again, Deborah
I’m curious… is it acceptable to change or vary the lyrics of the anthem at all? I recently heard it sung where the chorus sang “For the land of the free…” instead of “O’er the land of the free…”
Is that acceptable…? Just curious.
Hi Austin. No, it’s not acceptable to change the lyrics in the National Anthem.
We at The Daily Flag are purists when it comes to The National Anthem, and I personally believe that the Star-Spangled Banner should not be “performed” by a soloist, but should always be sung by the entire gathered assembly. E pluribus unum.“Out of many one.” Or—in this case—many voices singing as one voice.
Here are some other articles at The Daily Flag that you might find interesting.
The National Anthem—Style over Substance
Why Dew you mistreat the National Anthem
Thank you for writing, Austin. Best Wishes, Deborah
Why is it a hat and not your shoes or other apparrel that is to be removed?
Maria, the custom of removing one’s hat as a sign of respect is originated around the same time of knights began wearing armor. A man whose face was obscured by his helmet and visor would tip up his visor so that others could see his face, or remove his helmet so that all could see who he was. The salute evolved from this practice, as did removing a hat, and it was a gesture of honor and respect.
Thank you for writing. Deborah